ROADMAP FOR REDUCING GHG EMISSIONS IN THE MARITIME TRANSPORT SECTOR
The maritime transport industry currently accounts for around 80% of global trade volume, playing a vital role in international supply chains. However, it is also one of the significant sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, contributing to severe impacts on the global climate. In the context of escalating climate change, reducing GHG emissions in maritime transport is not only a requirement of international agreements but also a sustainable development strategy for many logistics enterprises.
Current GHG Emissions in Maritime Transport
According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), CO2 emissions from maritime transport accounted for approximately 2.89% of global emissions (as of 2018). Without effective control measures, this rate is expected to rise due to increasing demand for freight transport. This highlights the importance of a clear and feasible roadmap for reducing GHG emissions.
The main sources of emissions include:
- Use of fossil fuels (marine fuels such as HFO, MGO, diesel, etc.)
- Suboptimal engine efficiency
- Idling and operations at ports
- Lack of energy-saving technology applications
Global Roadmap Towards Reducing GHG Emissions
IMO’s Carbon Neutrality Goals
In 2023, the IMO updated its climate strategy, aiming for net-zero emissions by 2050. Key milestones in the roadmap include:
- By 2030: 20% reduction in total emissions compared to 2008 levels
- By 2040: 70% reduction in GHG emissions
- By 2050: Achieve net-zero emissions
To achieve this, IMO mandates the implementation of the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) and the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII), enabling evaluation and management of each vessel’s emissions efficiency.
Regional Supportive Policies
- European Union (EU): Incorporates maritime transport into the Emissions Trading System (ETS)
- China: Develops green ports and promotes zero-emission vessels
- United States: Invests in clean fuel ship technologies such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) and hydrogen
Technical Solutions for Reducing GHG Emissions
Alternative Fuels
- LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas): Reduces CO2 emissions by about 20–25%
- Green Hydrogen: Zero CO2 emissions during combustion but requires advanced storage technology
- Green Ammonia and Methanol: High potential for medium- and long-term use
- Biofuels: Suitable for both existing and newly built ships
Ship Design Optimization
- Use of lightweight materials to reduce weight
- Aerodynamic hull designs
- Installation of heat recovery systems, fuel cells, and electronic sails
Digital Technology Applications
- Route optimization software
- Real-time fuel and emissions monitoring systems
- AI-powered fleet management for reduced fuel consumption
The Role of Ports in Reducing GHG Emissions
- Shore power to eliminate generator use during berthing
- Use of renewable energy at ports (solar, wind)
- Smart vessel scheduling and routing to reduce waiting time
What Vietnamese Logistics Enterprises Should Do to Reduce GHG Emissions?
In line with the global trend toward carbon neutrality, logistics companies in Vietnam must also adapt quickly:
- Invest in green technologies: Use eco-friendly ships and partner with clean-fuel transport providers
- Comply with international regulations: Regularly update requirements on EEXI, CII, and ISO environmental standards
- Join climate agreements: Such as the Paris Agreement and follow the national emission reduction roadmap
Vietnam has pledged to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, making proactive involvement in reducing GHG emissions in maritime transport non-negotiable.
Challenges in the Green Transition
Although the objectives are clearly defined, the implementation still faces several challenges:
- High investment costs: Clean-fuel ships and energy-saving technologies involve significant upfront investment
- Lack of supportive infrastructure: Such as hydrogen refueling stations and alternative fuel storage facilities
- Shortage of skilled labor: In green engineering, energy-efficient equipment operation, and maintenance
Future Outlook
Maritime transport holds great potential in the green transition. Despite many obstacles, there are significant opportunities for sustainable growth. As nations implement climate policies, the shipping sector will play a central role, leading the global low-carbon supply chain. Reducing GHG emissions is not just a legal obligation—it’s a competitive advantage that can help businesses thrive.
The roadmap for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in maritime transport must be backed by concrete actions—not just verbal commitments. Technical and financial solutions are key, and international cooperation plays a vital role. Vietnam and its logistics enterprises must quickly adapt to stay competitive and pursue sustainable development.
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